The fresh new sis repaired effects define 65% of your version during the studies contained in this try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and https://brightwomen.net/no/chileanske-kvinner/ the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
In our take to there are 676 siblings, away from whom 302 was in fact ple (while they are from a family group where one or more girl was married early) enjoys dads with notably straight down academic attainment, are more inclined to be Muslim, and they are more likely to reside in outlying section
If we speak about the the quantity that state and you will community fixed effects grab differences in social and you may financial downside by the examining their capability to explain variation inside the instructional attainment, we find that the village repaired outcomes identify over 31% from the adaptation, much more than the 3% told me by the province fixed effects. All the version was although not inside villages.
We very first introduce estimations one manage for state*time-revolution FE and then community*time-trend FE. I then wade a step after that because of the presenting results in which we guess sister fixed effects patterns where in actuality the coefficients was estimated out of contrasting from siblings, one of exactly who had hitched early and other which did maybe not. Which evaluation controls for all family unit members attributes, each other observable and unobservable, knowledgeable by sisters e.g., loved ones history. It but not reduces the shot. Such email address details are thus best-read as being applicable in order to houses out-of even more conservative minimizing socio-economic houses. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.